Really Fast Computers Accounting Case Study Assignment - 275 Words

Really Fast Computers Accounting Case Study Assignment (Case Study Sample) Content: Really Fast Computers: Accounting Case StudyName:Institution:Course Name:Instructor:Date:Question ONE:RFC should recognize the liability relating to its disposal agreement with county landfill for the bi-annual disposal costs of its acid washing mixture at $1,060,000 (as at the end 31st December 2017)WorkingsDecommissioning cost0.06 x 1000,000 + 1000, 000=$1, 060, 000Journal entries 1 Acid Washing System $1000,000Interest expense$60,000Asset Retirement Obligation$1060, 000(To recognize the decommissioning cost of the Acid Washing System) 2 Interest expense$60,000Asset Retirement Obligation $60, 000(To record the accrued interest on the Asset Retirement Cost)Question TWO:As at December 31st 2017, RFC should recognize the liability related to the disposal of the entire system at the present value amount of $9,999,998.Working 110,000,000 x (1+0.006)10Expected expenditure in 10 years= 17, 908, 477Present Value of the expected expenditure 17, 908, 477 (1+0.006)10Present Valueestimate=$9,999,998Working 2Interest expense by 31st December, 20179, 999, 998 x 0.06=599,998Extending the life of the mixture would result in high interest expense and depreciation cost. The high interest expense would, thus inflate the decommissioning cost making future waste disposal very expensive.Journal entries 1 Acid Washing System $9,400,000Interest expense$599,998Asset Retirement Obligation$9, 999, 998(To record asset retirement obligation for potential state hazardous disposal. 2 Interest expense$599,998Asset Retirement Obligation $599,998(To record the accrued interest on the Decommissioning cost for the 1st year)Question THREE:The 20%, 30%, and 50% waste disposal probability association estimates to indefinite life, 20-year and 10-year waste disposal are not reasonable. They are based on mere hypothesis, hence, would not impact on the determination of whether or not liability exists as at 31st December 2017.Therefore, as at 31 December 2017, the amount of liability recognized is $9,999,998, which is inclusive of the applicable interest expense.Journal Entries 1 Acid Washing System $9,400,000Interest expense$599,998Asset Retirement Obligation$9, 999, 998(To record asset retirement obligation for potential state hazardous disposal. 2 Interest expense$599,998Asset Retirement Obligation $599,998(To record the accrued interest on the Decommissioning cost for the 1st year)Question FOUR:Adjustments for liability (9, 999, 998 + 1060, 000) =$11,059,998Reported Total debt$17, 590,000Add: Adjustments (Asset Retirement obligation)$11,059,998 Adjusted Total Debt$28,649,998

How Ethernet Passive Optical Network Technology Is Utilized in Implementing Fiber to The Home/Curb/ Building Solutions for Last Mile Bandwidth Bottleneck Problems Free Essay Example, 3000 words

In order to increase transmission efficiency in an EPON system, the upstream and downstream transmission channels should ideally be separated. One simple solution is to utilize space division multiplexing, where two separate optical fibers and passive couplers are used for upstream and downstream transmissions. However, there is a more cost-effective solution. This is by using different wavelengths for upstream and downstream transmissions. Typically, a 1550 nm wavelength is used for downstream transmission and a 1310 nm wavelength is used for upstream transmission [2]. In the upstream direction of an EPON system, multiple ONUs transmit data packets to the OLT through a common passive combiner and share the same optical fiber from the combiner to the OLT. The passive combiner has a directional property so the data packets from an ONU can only reach the OLT but not the other ONUs. Conventional contention-based multiple access such as the carrier sense multiple access with collision d etection (CSMA/CD) protocol, is difficult to implement because the ONUs is unable to easily detect a collision that may occur at the OLT. Although the OLT is able to detect a collision and inform the ONUs by sending a collision message, the transmission efficiency is reduced because of considerable propagation delay between the OLT and the ONUs. We will write a custom essay sample on How Ethernet Passive Optical Network Technology Is Utilized in Implementing Fiber to The Home/Curb/ Building Solutions for Last Mile Bandwidth Bottleneck Problems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Stigma And Suicide A Mental Health Problem - 1005 Words

If a person is experiencing a mental health problem and tries to seek help from healthcare providers, will he/she be prioritized or even taken into great importance as other medical issues? The healthcare system is expected to be the place that people can rely on when they are experiencing psychological distress and other mental health crisis (i.e. suicidal ideation). But with derisory attitudes towards people with a mental illness, how can we expect them to disclose these issues and seek the treatments they need? Two key people in mental health settings, Judy Plotkin (Coordinator of Mental Health Program – Jewish Child and Family Services) and Tara Brousseau Snider (Executive Director of Manitoba Mood Disorders Association) were interviewed to explore on their perspectives regarding stigma and suicide, as well as the interventions their organizations implement to mitigate these issues. Stigma Stigma is a significant issue in mental illness. Would you please comment on your experiences with stigma related to your role in mental health services? Through their experiences in working with people with mental health issues, Plotkin and Snider both realized that people are afraid of what they do not know (personal communication, April 12, 2016). â€Å"People work in different work environments (i.e. healthcare, law and other allied disciplines). But as humans, this causes a lot of knowledge gaps due to diverse perspectives or notions toward mental disorders so not everyone is immuneShow MoreRelatedChange The Direction Of Mental Health Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesChange the Direction of Mental Health Problem Suicide. The world itself hits hard when it is read. The reason for this is that these seven letters form an image in the head of the reader that is of a horrible act committed by people who have a teenager who suffered from a mental illness and comes from a bad living environment. The issue that the word brings is associated with the fact that stigma of the ‘ideal suicidal person’ is not the case. People who are suffering fear to be set into this categoryRead MoreTragedy of Tormented Teenagers: Mental Illness Hits One in Four1429 Words   |  6 PagesMany young Australians suffer from mental illness and are exposed to serious risk of harm. It is found that more than one in four teenagers suffer a mental illness and most are not identified or treated (Mcdougall, 2013). Mental illness is the largest risk factor that causes suicidal behaviour and serious psychological distress in young people (Australian Government, 2013). According to Mcdougall (2013), the life expectanc y for people with mental illness is 15 to 20 year lower than other AustraliansRead MoreDepression, Anxiety, Disordered Thinking1499 Words   |  6 Pagestopics have become all common in today’s world as the knowledge, reveal and frequency of cases of mental illness continue to rise {8}. The prevalence of mental illness has become more common than in any era before, but despite the increase of awareness the mark of shame has not ceased to exist {1}. In today’s society the number of mental illness cases has increased and will continue to increase However, stigma – the mark of shame – prevails and hampers the ability for the mentally ill to get help and treatmentRead MorePrejudice Against The Mentally Ill1157 Words   |  5 Pagesissued initiatives to help people with mental illness. The effects of prejudice can be felt by an individual, all of Canada, and the global world. Some of the organizations have succeed in their fight. Mental health prejudice is the discrimination of people with mental health issues. Metal health prejudice effects can be felt through theRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Mental Health1050 Words   |  5 Pages Mental health is a critical aspect of anyones well-being. However, struggling with a mental illness can negatively affect that. Mayo Clinic defines mental illness as a wide range of mental health conditions — disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Struggles with mental health are a major obstacle for anyone to endure, no matter their racial identity. However, racial minorities tend face further struggles in their journey. Understanding the underlying factors that play into mentalRead MoreStigma Surrounding Mental Health Disorders1059 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stigma Surrounding Mental Health Disorders Mental health disorders affect just about every single person in the world. These disorders come in many forms and severities. A couple of these disorders are depression, anxiety, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and many more. In the United States alone 43.8 million, 1 in 5, adults suffer from a form of a mental health disorder. About 21.4%, or 1 in 5 juveniles ages 13-18, suffer from mental health disorders. Of people in our countryRead MoreMental Health Is Essential For A Person s Overall Health788 Words   |  4 PagesContext Mental health is essential to a person’s overall health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as: â€Å"The state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Child and adolescent mental health problems are at a point of crisis for our nation. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has identified that one out of every ten children or adolescents has a serious mental health problem that interferesRead MoreRemoving Barriers For Mental Health Services For Veterans826 Words   |  4 Pages Policy Brief Temple University Donna Lea Wiggins Removing Barriers to Mental Health Services for Veterans Summary Rates of trauma and mental illness are reported to be disproportionately higher among American veterans, especially those of the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The barriers to care after civilian reentry further disadvantage this already vulnerable population. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have been the longest sustained US military operations since the Vietnam eraRead MoreThe Shutdown Of Public Mental Health1614 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, evidence and studies have proven that the shutdown of various mental health facilities across the nation has caused a dramatic increase in the number of incarcerations for people who suffer from mental illness. In 2006, the Bureau of Justice Statistics calculated that there were approximately 705,600 mentally ill adults incarcerated in state prisons, 78,800 mentally ill adults incarcerated in federal prisons, and 479,900 mentally ill adults incarcerated in local jails (â€Å"MentallyRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health Stigm a1178 Words   |  5 Pages To many a stigma is a disgraceful flaw, that of a negative presence. In mental health this stigma is overwhelming. Approximately 57.7 million Americans experience a mental health disorder in any given year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness) People in dire need of help are not seeking it. Mental illnesses are going undiagnosed. The mental health stigma is having a negative impact on the proper diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. A stigma can simply be defined as a mark of disgrace

Multiplicity Of International Court Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Multiplicity Of International Court. Answer: Introduction: The present report is based on the possibilities or dilemmas regarding the establishment of multiple courts in the sphere of international legal order. Therefore, it can be stated that the report will discuss about the topics related to internationallaw and the principle of it and will throw lights on the reason and outcome of the multiple courts and tribunals. It should be stated in this case procedural applicability is placed in an important role and the matter with international credibility are of special importance[1]. Thus, quick relief is required in these cases. It is no doubt to state that a judicial dispute should be resolved on urgent basis and that process can be hampered if contradiction regarding the decrees will take place. It has been observed by many cases that proliferation of international courts may cause serious breach if there is any contradictory jurisprudence exists[2]. It is true that it was an unbelievable fact to imagine multiplication of international court for the settlement of third party contradiction and now the whole world is facing the problem. However, all the aspects of existence of multiple of courts are to be discussed in the report and an attempt has been made to understand the base of the same.: Public International Law The present topic is based dilemma faced in theinternational law regarding the overseas disputes[3]. It is necessary in this case to understand the meaning of internationallaw before discussing about the factual difficulties[4]. The main objective of the internationallaw is to bind the states and the other entities of international recognition with certain rules. It has been mentioned under the several provisions of the international law that the main aim of the law is to establish equality among all the states. It has been mentioned under the charter of the United Nation that it is the discretionary power of the states to adopt the rules of the international law[5]. Public international laws are concerned regarding the matters like terrorism, diplomatic relation, disputes regarding the trade. It is the ultimate duty of the international law is to secure the interest of the humankind in general and it is implemented policies regarding the same. therefore, it can be understood that in ternational law plays an important role to resolve the disputes and policies are helpful to settle down the dispute amicably though it is on the will of the nation whether to accept the decision of the court or not. There is a contradiction made regarding the topic that how to take the policies implemented by the international law? There is a confliction whether to take the same as an optional consideration or to regard it as positive morality. There is a growth observed regarding the overseas dispute and it can be stated that the international law is playing an important role here. it has been observed that there is a hike of establishing international court to secure justice[6]. These courts are empowered with certain compulsory jurisdiction. As the application of the international law depend on the consent of the states, the rules and principles of the international law are difficult to ascertain. International legal personality: International legal personalities are certain kinds of institution that deals with the claims regarding the breach of law and if there is, a claim regarding the immunity from the national jurisdiction arises[7]. A tiny different can be observed between the international person and the international personality. States are regarded as the international person whereas international organisations are regarded as the international personalities. However, United Nation is considered as the international person in lieu of international personalities, though it enjoys less capacity if compare to the State. The main objective of the international legal personality is to secure the rights of the self-determination so that every State can keep their political status as per their social and cultural development. There is an international court of justice established under the provinces of the United Nation that dealing with the international disputes. It has been stated by Gilbert Guillaume, on e of the presidents of the court of justice that certain contradictions have been made regarding the establishment of multiple numbers of international courts. It has been observed that there are too many instruments present to resolve the third party dispute. Principle of International Law It is clear from the objective of the international law that the rules implemented by it are binding in nature but its applicability depends on the consent of the states. International laws are implemented policies in the form of the European Court of Human Rights and International Criminal Court[8]. It has been stated under the Article 38 of the International Court of Justice that there are certain general principles exists in the legal system of the International law[9]. The general principles can be categorised as laches, good faith, and impartiality regarding the decision of the judges. It is the main motto of the international law to promote the peace and integrity within the global sector. The importance of international law arises after the World War II and since then, it is improving its standpoint to resolve the internal disputes and to chalk out the effective policies regarding the same. The principle of equity and estoppel has been established through the international law system. It is to be kept in mind that the equity and estoppels principles are not followed the rules like common law. Establishment of international court and tribunals After the World War II, it became important to establish an institution that can resolve the disputes regarding the international matters and establish integrity within the globe. It was the main objective of the law maker to develop the standard of the dispute settlement and maintain a traditional equity within the sovereign states[10]. International courts are following the principle of international law and delivers judgment that becomes binding to the consent countries. Since its establishment, the institution has gained many success and continuing its nature of commencement in the sector of international disputes. Multiplication of international courts The nature regarding the international dispute is growing and therefore, a growing tendency regarding the establishment of multiple numbers of courts cropped up[11]. The main dilemma regarding the same accrues whether the outcome of such establishment is leading towards the jurisprudential confliction between the courts or it will widen the scope of the international decisions. Therefore, it can be stated that the importance of understanding the reasons behind the jurisdictional confliction is necessary. Disadvantages of the multiple courts and tribunal: The main danger regarding the establishment of the multiple international court is to create contradiction between two decisions and it may harm the unity of the international court. The nature of the contradiction can be either active or passive. An interpretation regarding the reasons is needed. The main problem regarding the international courts is that there is no precedential power exists. In LaGrand case, it has been observed that the decision of the International Court of Justice regarding the consular relations had not been followed up in the case of Loizidou. The same situation has been observed in the case of Nicaragua regarding the armed forces activities and Tadic case. In the former case, the International Court of Justice had made certain findings on the responsibilities of the armed forces, which had been denied by the International Criminal Tribunal in the later case[12]. Contradiction may also arise if same case has been filed before two judicial bodies with certain overlapping jurisdiction. The same thing happened in Swordfish case that involves the flag on the Chilean vessels. The second problem regarding the multiplication of the international court is that it may harm the base of unity regarding the international law[13]. The main problem of the international law is that in this case, there is no fixed body of rules and the provisions are uncertain in nature. The power of the law making bodies within the international legal system becomes precise but in the dispute matters, the role of the judges is not effective. Therefore, there is a sheer possibility regarding the existence of jurisdictional contradiction. It is a fact that the nature of the international law is not binding and the applicability of the same is depending on the consent of the States in general, but it can be stated that the law will be implemented on the states equally. The international law consists of rules that can be either community based or custom based[14]. It has been stated under the international law that the decision of the court is binding upon the member states of the United Nations. However, it should be bored in mind that the contradiction regarding the decisions of different courts related to all the similar nature of matters not to be taken place. One of the main reasons regarding the contradiction is that where the interpretation of the rules are applied by different judicial bodies. It has been analysed by many of the researchers that there are two main reasons regarding the conflicting jurisdiction. First is the establishment of multiple number of courts and tribunal and the second reason is the inte rpretation of provisions that accrues in different context. One of the common fields of confliction is the human right related matters. According to Article 33 of the UN charter, it is the discretionary power of the states to choose the way to resolve the matter and in this aspect; it is their will to maintain the decision of the international courts or tribunals. It is to be remember that there is no judicial hierarchy present in the international law and that creates certain disadvantageous consequences regarding the international jurisdiction. Certain doctrines are helpful to avoid the contradiction in the national judicial body. However, the same will not be applicable in the case of the international law. One of such doctrine is the stare decisis. According to this principle, if there are cases of similar nature, the court will follow the precedents and it is not necessary to interpret the same principle of law or the same categories of legal nature. However, in case of international law, there is no such provisions of stare decisis and therefore, contradiction regarding the different courts or tribunals can be observed. The doctrine of lis pendens is another doctrine regarding the avoidance of litigating contradiction. It can be stated that if, in the international law, there will be certain provisions regarding the same applied, jurisdictional contradictions can be removed in a greater way. Relevant case law One of the most common principles of contradictory jurisdiction is the difference between the Nicaragua case and Tadic case.the subject matter of the case evolved with the conception of armed forces and their role in the provinces of different countries[15]. It has been decided by the international court of justice in Nicaraguas case that the armed forces are to be controlled if there is any evidences regarding the violation of humanitarian law. However, in Tadic case, the decision made by the court contradicts with the decisions regarding the Nicaraguas case. Therefore, many of the researchers consider the grounds of the contradictions as the decisive difference[16]. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be stated that the existence of multiple courts or tribunals to resolve the matter with international recognition can be created a number of contradiction over similar kinds of cases. It should be taken into consideration that the main objective of the international law is to create integrity among the States and resolve the disputes by maintaining peace. If there is dispute arises regarding the different decisions of the international court, the objective of the international law could not be achieved. It is clear from the above mentioned paragraphs, it is clear that multiple courts with over lapping jurisdiction will sloth the flow of justice and the human rights will not be secured in this way. References: Akande, Dapo, and Antonios Tzanakopoulos. "The International Court of Justice and the Concept of Aggression." (2015). ARBITRATION, ADHOC, and I. CASE CONCERNING TERRITORIAL. "Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals."ICLQ57 (2008): 701-709. Bernhardt, Rudolf. "Encyclopedia of public international law." (2013). Byers, Michael. "Terrorism, the use of force and international law after 11 September."International Comparative Law Quarterly51.2 (2012): 401-414. Case, Nicaragua. "Case concerning military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua."Judgement on the Merits(2014). Cohen, Harlan Grant, et al. "Introduction: Legitimacy and International Courts." (2017). Crawford, James, and Thomas D. Grant. "International Court of Justice."The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations(2017). De Brabandere, Eric. "The Use of Precedent and External Case Law by the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea."The Law Practice of International Courts and Tribunals15.1 (2016): 24-55. Dinstein, Yoram.The conduct of hostilities under the law of international armed conflict. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Elias, Taslim.The international court of justice and some contemporary problems: essays on international law. Vol. 2. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Hargrove, John Lawrence. "The Nicaragua Judgment and the Future of the Law of Force and Self-Defense."American Journal of International Law81.1 (2016): 135-143. Malintoppi, Loretta. "Fact Finding and Evidence Before the International Court of Justice (Notably in Scientific-Related Disputes)."Journal of International Dispute Settlement7.2 (2016): 421-444. MATTERS, MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL. "DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS."ICLQ59 (2010): 193-205. Wellens, Karel. "The International Court of Justice, Back to the Future: Keeping the Dream Alive."Netherlands International Law Review64.2 (2017): 193-212. Wi?niewski, Adam. "International Courts and Legalism in International Law."Polish Review of International and European Law(2017).

Mikhail Gorbachev Essays - Drinking Culture, Alcohol, Drug Culture

Mikhail Gorbachev One of the most dramatic and revolutionary changes in Russian history is the restriction of the consumption of alcohol. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted his anti-alcohol campaign on May 16, 1985 in order to decrease alcohol consumption by Soviet citizens and instead teach them the rewards of moderation. Some such rewards were a better life at home with their families, more advancement in their jobs, and better overall health. Although Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign was effective in generating some positive changes, it eventually failed, causing resentment toward the leadership, worsening health issues, creating illegal alcohol production markets, and increasing the budget deficit. When Gorbachev was fifteen, he went out one day with his father and his harvesting team. The mechanics decided that it would be funny to play a joke on the young boy. They gave him a drink of pure alcohol, and told him that it was vodka. He drank it, and it utterly disgusted him. This was an important lesson to him. It made him not like alcohol, therefore making him want others to stay away from it. This could have saved his nation. Gorbachev noted, "After that experience I have never felt any pleasure in drinking vodka or spirits" (Gorbachev 37). That is important because if he had liked alcohol, there most likely never would have been any anti-alcohol campaign. "Temperance was the rule in the Gorbachev household on holidays, the men might take one shot glass of vodka or cognac in celebration, no more" (Smith 38). The Gorbachev family is an example of how alcohol should have been used in Russia. They drank in moderation, as opposed to others who drank simply to get drunk and were unable to control themselves while drinking. Gorbachev wanted others to be able to drink as they did, and he tried to set a good example in order to get his point across. However, his plans didn't work out as he had suspected. "Gorbachev saw alcoholism as an offense to the Soviet ideal and a symptom of weak personal morals rather than a failing of the Soviet order" (Galeotti 58). He thought that people should be able to control themselves while drinking, and if they didn't it was their own fault. It is not unusual that he would initiate, as one of his first priorities after taking power in March 1985, an anti-alcohol campaign. Alcohol had always been a large part in a Russian's life. "The Russians have always drunk vodka," former Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev once said. "They can't get by without it" (Sudo 14). Drunkenness had been a plague in Russia since the Middle Ages; that is no secret. However, for years the communist leadership refused to acknowledge the fact that alcohol abuse posed any problems. Periodically, in pre-revolutionary times and even during the first years of Soviet power, the authorities initiated missions against alcoholism, none of which resulted in success. By the time Gorbachev got to power, the drinking problem was very much out of hand in Russia. "Until Gorbachev clamped down on the consumption of alcohol in June 1985, the Soviets were literally drinking themselves to death" (Naylor 194). Alcohol was putting a profound strain on society. Consumption had skyrocketed during the Brezhnev era. This is especially significant considering it was already considerably high at the beginning of his era. In 1984, state revenues from the sale of alcoholic beverages reached fifty-three billion rubles, four times what it had been twenty years before. The alcohol issue became disastrous. "Nearly one hundred and sixty-three million out of a population of two hundred and eighty million drink regularly; as many as twenty million are alcoholics" (Sudo 14). With that many people in a society having problems with alcohol, obviously something had to be done. The annual loss to the economy from drunkenness was an estimated eighty to one hundred billion rubles. Alcoholism was the third most common ailment, after heart disease and cancer. The life expectancy of men was declining. Infant mortality rates were rising. Health of present and future generations was being corrupted. "It was also responsible for most marriage breakups" (Morris 48). Wives had become desperate trying to save their marriages, with their husbands practically drinking themselves to death. Crime, corruption, and cynicism were all increasing. Drunk drivers were responsible for fourteen thousand traffic deaths per year. "Alcoholism was probably the largest single cause of a stunning increase in the Soviet Union's crude death rate" (Kaiser 101). In 1964, there were about seven deaths per one thousand citizens. This statistic grew to almost eleven deaths per one thousand citizens in

Free Essays on Audie Murphy

Audie Leon Murphy was born June 20, 1924, as one of twelve children of Emmett Berry Murphy and Josie Bell (Killian) Murphy. He was the seventh child born and third son born to Emmett and Josie Murphy.(Graham, 5). His mother and father both came from large families. Emmett came from a family of twelve children and Josie came from a family of thirteen. (Graham, 2-5) Audie was born in Hunt County, Texas to a tenant father's house in the middle of a cotton field (Graham, 2). The day he was born was a hot, June day. Dr. P.S. Pearson arrived around7:00 P.M. to deliver the baby (Graham, 5). Most people in country areas at that time were born at home and died at home. A few months before Audie was born his grandfather George Washington Murphy had died there. (Graham 2-5) Audie was named after a neighbor. Leon came from the oldest daughter, Corrine, because she liked it. Most of his early life he went by Leon. Outside of the south Leon was too hillbilly. Once Audie joined the Army he never went by Leon again. (Graham, 5) In May of 1941 Audie's mother had died and father had left before his mother's death. By the age of sixteen, Audie had lost his father gone and mother dead. Some of the other children had scattered and married while others were placed in an orphanage South of Greenville. (Graham, 19) Audie joined the Army in June of 1942 around his eighteenth birthday, after turned down by the Marines and Paratroopers (Graham, 23). Audie joined in Farmersville, Texas as Army Private. After basic infantry training at Camp Walters, Texas he attended advanced training at Fort Meade, Maryland. He was then assigned to North Africa as Private in Company B, Fifteenth Infantry Regiment, Third Infantry Division (www.tsha.utexas.edu). He quickly rose to enlisted Staff Sergeant. (www.audiemurphy.com) He was given a "battle field" commission as 2nd Lieutenant during World War II. He was wounded three times and fought nine majo... Free Essays on Audie Murphy Free Essays on Audie Murphy Audie Leon Murphy was born June 20, 1924, as one of twelve children of Emmett Berry Murphy and Josie Bell (Killian) Murphy. He was the seventh child born and third son born to Emmett and Josie Murphy.(Graham, 5). His mother and father both came from large families. Emmett came from a family of twelve children and Josie came from a family of thirteen. (Graham, 2-5) Audie was born in Hunt County, Texas to a tenant father's house in the middle of a cotton field (Graham, 2). The day he was born was a hot, June day. Dr. P.S. Pearson arrived around7:00 P.M. to deliver the baby (Graham, 5). Most people in country areas at that time were born at home and died at home. A few months before Audie was born his grandfather George Washington Murphy had died there. (Graham 2-5) Audie was named after a neighbor. Leon came from the oldest daughter, Corrine, because she liked it. Most of his early life he went by Leon. Outside of the south Leon was too hillbilly. Once Audie joined the Army he never went by Leon again. (Graham, 5) In May of 1941 Audie's mother had died and father had left before his mother's death. By the age of sixteen, Audie had lost his father gone and mother dead. Some of the other children had scattered and married while others were placed in an orphanage South of Greenville. (Graham, 19) Audie joined the Army in June of 1942 around his eighteenth birthday, after turned down by the Marines and Paratroopers (Graham, 23). Audie joined in Farmersville, Texas as Army Private. After basic infantry training at Camp Walters, Texas he attended advanced training at Fort Meade, Maryland. He was then assigned to North Africa as Private in Company B, Fifteenth Infantry Regiment, Third Infantry Division (www.tsha.utexas.edu). He quickly rose to enlisted Staff Sergeant. (www.audiemurphy.com) He was given a "battle field" commission as 2nd Lieutenant during World War II. He was wounded three times and fought nine majo...

Case study epistemological issues

Case study epistemological issues This document may shortly examine problems and different components in-development study. I'll provide the meanings of improvement and used study and also the part of the previous towards the latter to begin. Consequently, I'll clarify border configurations and the epistemological problems in-development study. I provide their benefits and drawbacks and will also explain the study methods. Furthermore, I'll supply factual statements about rigor in-development study- connection and its structure to credibility. And also to determine, I'll provide, my own perspective, in several phrases overall study procedure in-development circles. Used study is understood to be a kind of research or unique analysis completed in order to get new understanding. "It's, nevertheless, aimed mainly towards objective or a particular useful goal ". (OECD, 2002: 78). About the other hand, improvement is described by Haynes (2008: 1) as "a vital measurement of individual existence, interpersonal relationships, politics, economics, and tradition". Improvement is generally from the socio economic development of group or a person of people. Provided these meanings, I will state that used study to development's part would be to supply findings and results that'll reply a particular question about improvement through the procedure of containing fresh details or possibly verifying current statements. Often, findings which are discovered legitimate are utilized from the investigator like a foundation of his/her tips that's aimed towards the control being included in the study. Various establishments such as the government, NGOs educational age ncies, etc.-can make use of the understanding that is acquired to be able to create smart choices which are meant for the development and improvement of culture. Plan-related analysis is just a typical instance of used research in-development. Plan-related analysis is conducted whenever a specialist really wants to collect info on a particular policy-to understand whether the policy works well and effective; to understand in what manner the policy could be improved; to recognize its influences on particular populace; to calculate its expenses and advantages to culture, etc. Potter and Subrahmanian (1998: 19) noticed that "various policies need various study concerns to become requested to be able to acquire outcomes that'll usefully advise these guidelines". In my own comprehension, this means that for every info that there is a specialist trying to find, there's an equal issue he or she needs to request originally. If he/she'll not have the ability to produce suitable concerns that'll create productive solutions the investigator won't have the ability to obtain the understanding he/she wants in working with a particular plan. The investigato r should also use resources and an appropriate technique within the study. Improvement can be an important aspect of our daily life. Educational posts, books and individual encounters reveal it is today a rising problem of culture and that improvement is definitely an essential component outside and inside the house. In my opinion that a broad selection is of complicated issues contained in our culture which hinders improvement. Thus, we require a multiple- procedure that is interdisciplinary like used study that's effective at coping with these issues. Study in development lately gave birth that I guess in handling issues of improvement is more matched. This involves involvement of and conversation between and one of the various stakeholders in procedures for example facilitation, cooperation and settlement which may be accomplished through the usage of various study methods where numerous stakeholders are regarded as stars. The investigator that's to possess understanding about the specific topic his aim is discovering is basic in virtually any type of study in-development. It's worth mentioning that every bit of understanding the investigator obtained has its source. Based on Kanbur and Shaffer (2007: 185), "epistemology may be the department of viewpoint which reports the character and statements of understanding. Variations in epistemological strategy underlie a typical difference within the viewpoint of social technology between essential concept/ and positivism, hermeneutics methods hermeneutics that are critical ". Sumner and Group (2004: 3) describes that "epistemology offers the philosophical underpinning-the reliability-which legitimizes understanding and also the construction to get a procedure that'll create, via a 'demanding' strategy (comprising the entire selection of study techniques), solutions that may be thought to be legitimate, trusted/replicable and representative/common". Nevertheless, there are how understanding is obtained numerous other balances and that I consider this like a demanding problem in epistemology. Conversations on epistemological stances change from one writer to a different thus the distinction between Kanbur and Shaffer (2007) wording which recognizes just three epistemologies specifically, positivism/empiricism, hermeneutics/interpretative and essential concept/critical hermeneutics and also the post of Schwandt (1994) including four, incorporating yet another named social constructionism. I'll briefly examine within the next sentences all of the stances described in both posts to become neutral. Among the epistemological methods in-development research may be the positivism strategy that is empiricism. This method is linked to the methodological position. It's understood to be "an investigation strategy based on a statement-centered design for identifying the reality or credibility of understanding statements by which "brute information" are designated an unique part" (Kanbur and Shaffer, 2007: 185). This strategy thinks that a real possibility is really available that requires to become established from the investigator which understanding isn't produced but just confirmed through findings and assessments. Positivist scientists are noticed as specialists who utilize common techniques that create legitimate sights. Furthermore, this method is willing towards the usage of visible, considerable and statistical numbers named "brute information" in order match or to verify the present truth. Another approach interpretative strategy. As Kanbur and Shaffer (2007: 185) described, hermeneutics may be the "interpretative knowledge of intersubjective meanings". Unlike positivism, this thinks that the fact is developed by the data that will be made by interpersonal steps of people's understandings in culture attracted from low-statistical definitions. "to comprehend a specific cultural activity, the inquirer should understand this is that represent the action" (Schwandt 1994: 191). in my opinion that knowledge of a particular cultural action varies for each translator with no meaning may be the same and formerly existent. This can be an approach to decoding and code steps to be able to create understanding that'll represent reality. Interpretative scientists also think that there's not one facts that presents cultural measures. Moreover, these scientists aren't considered as specialists and what might be legitimate and accurate for just one may possibly not be exactly the same for that others. The 3rd epistemological strategy is known as the essential theory hermeneutics. This method is in certain methods much like hermeneutics strategy except that additional measurements were put into its main thesis. Based on Kanbur and Shaffer (2007: 185), "comprehension involves essential evaluation of provided values and ideas regarding some fundamental understanding of reality or credibility". Locating the truth and creating understanding is not only interpreting and understanding steps that are cultural or converting the vocabulary of one. It's crucial to get a specialist to carefully study phrases and those things of individuals that understanding has been removed. He or she should be ready to look for the factors behind various values that should be ready to understand the roots of those facts and flower from numerous truths. Furthermore, "[ ] enlightenment [ ] is definitely an important area of the procedure for request" (Kanbur and Shaffer., 2007: 185). Hermeneutics is extremely centered on discourses/stories. Through seeking clarification from the individual whom the state is originating from thus, to be able to acquire understanding, scientists within this strategy should understand the actual meaning of the vocabulary. This method evaluations the observer's part. Schwandt (1994) additionally recognized a few modifications between this approach and also the traditional hermeneutics strategy. Tendencies are considered caused encounters and by prior understanding which are not naturally past in an interpreter's top, consequently, it's something which CAn't be gone. Customs, your encounters and existing understanding of issues influence/situation the way in which we translate and believe cultural measures. It's subsequently difficult for an interpreter to 'obvious' his/her brain before knowing a specific social activity. The final epistemological approach that compete for that interest of the low-positivist followers may be the social constructionist approach. Except that it negates the thought of illustration this method is nearly exactly the same using the two mentioned methods. "Cultural constructionist epistemologies try to 'conquer' representationalist epistemologies" (Schwandt, 1994: 197). this method thinks the individual brain don't simply translate or discover knowledge, instead, it generates it by creating versions, ideas along with other ideas utilizing our encounters, customs, prior knowledge, methods, etc. in a nutshell, we create knowledge based on what we all know and find out, hence, reality/the reality is observed via a person's contact. Methodology is definitely an essential requirement of study in-development. For each epistemological position, a related methodological toolkit is that's utilized by a specialist. The investigator should be ready to use the best option method in order to complete a great research. You will find three stances in improvement and study - the combined and qualitative -technique questions. The two are very different of every other due to their basic values centered on epistemologies as the one that is next, being truly a mixture of both methods is said to not be easy to simply accept because of insufficient epistemological theory. Quantitative strategy is related to the positivist epistemology so that as reiterated by Hoy (2010: 1), quantitative study is just a "medical analysis which includes both tests along with other organized techniques that stress and handle and quantified steps of efficiency." He describes that dimension and data are crucial to quantitative technique since these would be the contacts between even the fresh findings or scientific and also the numerical term of the connection. "Quantitative scientists are worried using the improvement and screening of ideas and also the era of versions and also the ideas that clarify behavior" (Hoy, 2010: 1). A quantitative study technique is better employed for 'what' and 'what if' concerns also it employs calculating and modeling of statistical information whilst the supply of understanding. A specialist often uses detailed data like regression excitement, etc. additionally, because the positivist method is followed by this process, it involves looking and understanding of the common reality by researchers who're regarded as specialists. I discover generalizations were more centered on by quantitative strategy, stating that it's the situation for several related occasions and providing response to an issue. Quantitative sometimes appears gainful in ways that it's a type of research which may be ripped, thus, may create results that are equivalent. Nevertheless, quantitative reports could not be cheap and time consuming. Additionally, this method can't quickly achieve challenging/marginalized communities and delicate data are also tough to acquired (Bamberger, 2000). I think that quantitative strategy, being the first ever to be recognized within the study industry, continues to be probably the most broadly-employed strategy in-development reports at the moment. Nevertheless, I can't state that it's the very best approach to use or it's much better than the following two that I'll examine. Let us now go to the study technique. This method is not fairly old compared to quantitative technique. Hoy (2010: 1) explains qualitative study being an approach that "centers around in depth knowledge of interpersonal and individual behavior and also the factors behind such conduct. The technique depends upon the reported encounters of people through casestudies, fieldwork and analyses. Researchers have an interest in finding patterns of conduct, discovering fresh suggestions and comprehension. " Qualitative strategy is most often utilized by low-positivist followers. It has a tendency to reply 'why' and 'how' concerns. Qualitative researchers exercise participatory study methods which include semi-structured interviews, person statement, discussion analysis, target groups, participatory analysis, life-history studies, case studies, etc. this method is believed to create quicker results and in the same period, is cheaper than quantitative methods like reviews. Challenging communities for example ladies, kids, minorities, etc.-are more straightforward to achieve by using qualitative participatory procedures. Additionally, methods are flexible with respect to those groups' tradition. Moreover, numerous strategies can be applied by qualitative analysts to team or possibly people without imposing reactions in it. About the down-side, results of the qualitative study are said to not be simple creating trouble within responses' approval. Because of the undeniable fact that this pro cess is diverse, it's also usually well undocumented and consequently, CAn't be ripped and/ or be compared. Unlike quantitative, topics/individuals of the qualitative strategy are chosen without sample that's why generalization is difficult to achieve. Finally, this process is challenging to manage whether interviewer is imposing solutions towards the study issue (Bamberger, 2000). Unlike the study, this isn't a precise technology but an awareness procedure that creates numerous solutions which vary with respect to topic and the investigator. This method centers around particular instances and never generalize topics of the research. For analysts, truth and reality CAn't recognized or be created by calculating information, but instead by creating, talking, and interpreting. Along with quantitative methods, I'll examine shortly the 3rd methodological strategy in research in-development that will be named the multiple-method study. Multiple-technique study is just a phrase used-to explain an investigation that includes quantitative study inside a simple task. This tactic might make one of the most from the talents of both methods in addition to offset the flaws (Bryman, 2004). I'll no further sophisticated about the faculties of the strategy since I have currently offered the faculties of qualitative and quantitative. This mixture of quantitative methods may be used to triangulate results. A specialist may cross check results of the technique utilizing another way of another strategy. Additionally, a direct result a questionnaire or any quantitative technique could be analyzed thorough utilizing a qualitative technique like example, in depth interviews, FGD, etc. (Bryman, 2004). In research industry, multiple-technique has been more recognized at the moment. I guess studies happen to be obtaining the impact that multiple-technique strategy is contrasting and should be obtained absolutely while not centered on epistemology. Quantitative might help viceversa and qualitative study. Whenever a specialist can't depend on to either technique alone this could also complete the spaces. Further methods might be used, thus, can also be regarded as extra. Nevertheless, it's very important to keep in mind that this method is inferior to mono-method study. Moreover, performed and this however must be totally created since the quantity of techniques/techniques utilized in an investigation isn't an insurance this one may deliver a higher-quality result. Last although not minimal, scientists mustn't respect this being an approach that's globally relevant to all or any study issues in-development industry which it may reply all issues in-development industry (Bryman, 2004). Even though that stances mentioned above and the epistemological methods have other opinions on various and truth way of learning, in my opinion that study style is similarly important to all. Border-environment is just a thought that is related prior to starting using the real study that any strategy should consider. The drawing of limitations is essential allow the investigator to pick which of the problems are actually essential to ensure that he or she overlook the others that are less essential to the study and may concentrate on these. Nevertheless, a specialist utilizing whichever strategy he or she decided to use should, obviously, be sure on his/her goal because this is the research of his in performing the research /her quest for understanding. Based on Blackmore and Ison (1998: 41), limitations "help separate, simplify and concentrate on what's essential in a specific scenario". A few of the limitations which may be regarded would be the following: (1) visual precise location of the study; (2) individuals of the study; (3) the part of the researcher within the study; (4) expected ramifications of treatments; and, (5) the investigatoris obligation and responsibility (Blackmore et al., 1998). Some limitations might be less mental compared to others. Some observed as the others are conceptual intangible and could be quickly attracted. One problem in working with limitations is how available (or not) the investigator is as it pertains to altering or altering the limitations of his/her research. Scientists should always keep in mind that limitations aren't set; alternatively, they're determined by actions or the modifications of his/her research. For that tangible limitations, like the two factors provided above, alter and it's significantly more straightforward to produce. Nevertheless, for conceptual limitations, those that are subjective and intangible, it's just the opposite. It's the appropriate personalities who decide the limitations of the research and also the stakeholders. The explanation for this really is that since individuals have reasons and various views, they often set limitations that are various . Moreover, their ideas introduced by encounters and understanding influence individuals. Thus, actually two people faced with the exact same scenario will likely have distinct viewpoint about the issue. With all this reality, the investigator can't simply understand the limitations of one through his/her comprehension. (Blackmore and Ison, 1998). Border environment in-development study might truly appear boring and complex; nevertheless, it's one important area of the entire procedure. Another essential section of study in-development is credibility. It would appear that "of all of the ideas of cultural study, possibly none continues to be as essential so that as difficult as 'validity'" (Thomas, 2006: 118). centered on numerous scholarly texts I've read, which didn't really provide me a definite description of what validity is but instead offered me requirements and indications of credibility, I will state that the validity of the research frequently amounts towards the reliability or tone of its results whatever research technique the investigator decided to make use of. But what is really credibility? Maxwell (2005: 106) claims that "credibility send [s] towards the correctness or reliability of the information, summary, clarification, meaning, or different kind of consideration". In-development study, there is a legitimate summary essential. To be able to accomplish this, it's essential for a specialist to truly have a steady and guaranteed foundation for his/her suggestions. The investigator should not be unable to protect his/her summary by sufficient facts or comparable reports that warrant and will verify it. There are numerous credibility assessments that the specialist might choose to utilize, specifically: (1) intense long term participation, (2) abundant information, (3) participant approval, (4) treatment, (5) trying to find discrepant research and damaging instances, (6) triangulation, (7) quasi-research, and (8) assessment. Nevertheless, it's worth-mentioning that Maxwell (2005) discusses credibility as something which CAn't be confirmed since it is not absolute. Credibility depends upon who's currently considering what. If one individual allows the state of the investigator perhaps that's since he possibly he or /she'd exactly the same encounter using the investigator /she'd an identical evaluation of the issue. Individuals are crucial creatures that concerns and uncertainties understanding. Then just how can the investigator show that his/her understanding state is legitimate if this is actually the situation? How can credibility be achieved by a specialist in his/her research? As previously mentioned within the wording of Maxwell (2005), the investigator doesn't have method of understanding totally whether he or she grabbed credibility in his/her study. Nonetheless, he or she may cope with credibility risks for example reactivity and investigator bias. To be able to remove investigator opinion, he or she should cautious to not affect the investigation together with his/her morals, prior understanding, values, etc. However, sometimes, individual tendencies centered on these specific things are difficult to dismiss, hence, exactly what the investigator may do will be articulate and truthful about this with these recognized in his/her research. Likewise, reactivity can also be difficult to pr event. Who the investigator is, hence, influencing caused by the research in addition to the solutions of the individuals often influences individuals of the research. The study might not absolutely need to get rid of his/her impact. He or she should just understand how to comprehend it and utilize it an effective method (Maxwell, 2005). Rigor in-development research moves mutually using the credibility of outcomes of the study. We are able to state that there is research performed meticulously in both qualitative or strategy if it reaches its credibility, that's when the summary it created is recognized as legitimate. Nevertheless, within the post of Sumner and Group (2004: 13), it's created that "the foundation for statements to 'rigor' pertains to the way the methods [in strategy] are utilized; that poorly applied qualitative and quantitative methods can lead to incorrect findings and various methods match various reasons." Rigor begins from producing the study style to creating the study issue then choosing which resources to utilize in addition to which strategy to hire. It's also worth recalling the techniques and resources utilized in improvement study have their various talents and flaws, they're not similarly ideal for all study issues, thus, it's essential the investigator chooses thoroughly based on the ne ed of the study and not just since it may be the simplest to make use of or it's probably the most offered at the minute. Quantity of credibility and rigor varies for each technique/device utilized in either of both stances. When the investigator is regardless together with his/her selection of resources and technique, then your understanding he or she will create could not be legitimate and may possibly not be appropriate to a lot of. I'd prefer to provide shortly my thought on study in-development to finish. At the moment, the strain among scientists in-development industry keeps growing. They nevertheless claim about the primacy of strategy and epistemology they think in. the same as a number of other scientists available, I will neither state which one of the epistemological stances is the greatest one or explain which one of the methodological stances may be the exemplary someone to use for scientific tests. I consider that are efficient and similarly trusted. It's only of utilising the the way of a specific type of study issue an issue. Every technique has flaws and its talents, that's no strategy is ideal. Nevertheless, I understand that some of them may actually create a great-quality study so long as there's rigor of course if credibility risks are avoided.